Radiotherapy with light ions offers the possibility of achieving a dose distribution which is highly
conformed to the target volume while sparing normal tissues. For ions heavier than protons, an
additional advantage is the increased Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) as compared to
conventional photon and electron beams. During light ion therapy, nuclear fragments are produced
in nuclear inelastic collisions of the projectile and the atomic nuclei in the material. In a cascade
of events, the nuclear fragments in turn produce secondaries during their transport. The organs
of the patient are thus exposed to a complex secondary radiation field and secondary doses can
be delivered to normal tissues both close to and relatively far from the treated volume. In this
thesis, secondary doses were evaluated in anthropomorphic phantoms which were developed for
simulations with the Monte Carlo code SHIELD-HIT. Simulations of lung tumor, prostate and brain
tumor irradiation with 1H, 4He, 7Li, 12C and 16O ion beams in the energy range 80-400 MeV/u were
performed with SHIELD-HIT. The simulated organ absorbed doses were in the range 10-6-10-1
mGy per treatment Gy. In general, the organ absorbed doses decreased with increasing distance
from the target volume and increased with increasing atomic number of the primary ions.
The produced nuclear fragments also influences the radiation quality in the target volume and
thus the biological effectiveness of the beam. The dose-mean lineal energy, <yD>, was studied
in a 290 MeV/u 12C beam by simulating the energy distributions of both primary and secondary
ions and weighting their relative dose fractions with the corresponding energy-dependent <yD>
which were obtained by ion-track simulations with PITS99 coupled with the electron transport
code KURBUC. <yD> were evaluated in the target volume for object diameters 10-100 nm and
were used in estimations of clinically useful weighting factors.
