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In the following contributions I will describe two important applications of x-ray spectroscopy to study the electronic states of importance for chemical bonding; the surface chemical bond in molecules adsorbed on surfaces and hydrogen bonding in water and ice. I will discuss new instrumentations for experiments performed using synchrotron radiation including new sources, beamlines and spectrometers. There is a large challenge to introduce an ambient pressure environment in ultra high vacuum instrumentation, vital for studies of liquid water and catalytic reactions