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4MOST is a fibre-fed spectroscopic survey facility for the VISTA telescope, with first light expected in 2024. The facility will be able to simultaneously obtain spectra of ~2400 objects distributed over a 4.2 square degrees field-of-view. In this talk, I will give an overview of the Galactic Survey programmes that over five years of nominal operations will record 20 million stellar spectra all over the southern sky. This high multiplex of 4MOST, combined with its high spectral resolution, will enable detection of chemical and kinematic substructure in the stellar halo, bulge and thin and thick discs of the Milky Way, and thus help unravel the origin of our home galaxy and of chemical elements. In addition, observations of stars of all masses and evolutionary phases from the pre-main sequence to stellar remnants, will help us address many outstanding problems related to stellar physics.